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Nikolay Stepanovich Chernykh (Russian: Николай Степанович Черных) (October 6, 1931 – May 26, 2004) was a Soviet and Ukrainian astronomer.

Chernykh was born in the city of Usman in Voronezh Oblast (in present-day Lipetsk Oblast). He specialized in astrometry and the dynamics of small bodies in the solar system and worked at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in the Ukraine from 1963.

Chernykh discovered two periodic comets 74P/Smirnova-Chernykh and 101P/Chernykh. He also discovered a very large number of asteroids, including notably 2867 Šteins and the Trojan asteroid 2207 Antenor. Chernykh worked with his wife and colleague Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh (Людмила Ивановна Черных). The asteroid 2325 Chernykh discovered in 1979 by Czech astronomer Antonín Mrkos was named in their honour.